Required Appendix Material

a. Target Conference

The target conference in here is 2008 the 41st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. In this conference, it used the UTAUT Model to analysis the Adoption of E-government Services in Kuwait, and the research model is shown above (Suha & Anne, 2008).Since this conference is mainly about e-government adoption research, so I think my e-government research would gain feedback for my research findings from this conference.

For the methodologies used in this study, the study was based on quantitative research. For the sample of this study, 880 students were surveyed. Also, the study was limited to undergraduate and postgraduate students at Kuwait University. In addition, this study used a questionnaire survey, which is in English. Moreover, this study designed suitable research context, and implemented reliability test during its research. For the data analyze, a regression analysis process was undertaken based on the research model (the amended UTAUT), which included predictors (independent variables), outcomes (dependent variables) and moderators. The study attempted to explore any changes in respondents’ intentions through the “intention” question, which asked respondents whether they intended to use e-government services in the future: in “four weeks”, in “three months” or in the “future”. Thus, this made the behavioral intention construct a binary outcome variable. Finally, the results showed that performance expectancy, effort expectancy and peer influence determine students’ behavioral intention. Moreover, facilitating conditions and behavioral intentions determine students’ use of e-government services.

b. Target Journal

Information System Front and Journal of Global Information Management are relevant journals, which are very helpful for my research area. E-government adoption: A cultural comparison is a very helpful article in my study, and this article is from the journal of Information System Front. However, I will chose the Journal of Global Information Management to publish my article, it is because the Journal of Global Information Management is a professional information management journal which specially focus on information technology development and IT management perspectives. As I review the last two years published articles in this journal, the journal mainly talks about new technologies developments, and the impact of new technologies developments, for instance, in Journal of Global Information Management; Hershey, Jan-Mar 2009; Vol.17, Iss.1, it included some articles such as Flexible Global Software Development (GSD): Antecedents of Success in Requirements Analysis (Yadav et al. 2009) and Impact of Perceived Fit on E-Government User Evaluation: A Study with a Chinese Cultural Context (Nan et al. 2009). Those two articles focused on new technologies developments and implementations, and the second article I mentioned above is relevant to my research area. In addition, this journal also include new technologies developments relating to public government, business. Cultural and social aspects, for example, in Journal of Global Information Management; Hershey, Apr-Jun 2008; Vol.16, Iss.2, it contained some articles such as A Cross-Cultural Comparison of U.S. and Chinese Computer Security Awareness (Mark et al. 2008), and Evaluating E-Business Leadership and its Links to Firm Performance (Jing, 2008). Therefore, I would like to publish my study to this particular journal, since it is a specific journal which focuses on new information technologies development and implementations.

Group Research Website

By clicking Group Research Website, you can go to the main page of our group research proposal web page. In there, you can see our main research area, and our group member's study. It is very convenience and efficient that you can learn about out main research purpose, and that use this main website to visit our individual research proposal. Thank you for visiting our website!

Peter's learning resource

In Peter's learning resource, his study focus on Chinese context, and to find out the factors which influence Chinese immigrants' adoption and use of New Zealand e-government services, so by clicking Peter's learning resource, you will find more useful information in his learning resource.

References

References

Ashok, K. (2006). India-From Regional to World Power. Routledge, USA.

Benbasat, I., & Barki, H. (2007). Quo Vadis TAM. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 8(4), 211–218. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Bingham, E., Braddell, R, & Gifford, A. (2000). Irate PM to Rejig Gaps Policy, The New Zealand Herald Online, Retrieved 30 April 2009, from http://nzherald.co.nz/storyprint.cfm ?storyID=157176 (158431) (157593)

Carter, L., & Belanger, F. (2003). Diffusion of innovation & citizen adoption of e-government. The Fifth International Conference on Electronic Commerce (ICECR-5), Pittsburg, PA, 2003, 57-63. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Carter, L., & Belanger, F. (2004) Citizen adoption of electronic government initiatives. 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

comScore (2009). There has surpassed 1 billion Internet Users worldwide according to comScore networks. Retrieved 28 April 2009, from http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2698

Dwivedi, Y., Choudrie, J., & Brinkman, W. (2006). Consumer usage of broadband in British households. International Journal of Services and Standards, 2(4), 400–416. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Eric, D., Alison, C., & Stuart M, D. (2001). E-Government Issues in New Zealand. Department of Management Systems, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Forbes, S., Hemi, M., Ford, G., & Ropiha, J. (2000). Te Kete Mo Te Taiao (Project No. 1017): Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights Report, from URL Greg@ReddFish.Co.NZ

Hung, S. Y., Chang, C. M., & Yu, T. J. (2006). Determinants of user acceptance of the e-government services: the case of online tax filing and payment system. Government Information Quarterly, (23).97-122. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Immigrantion New Zealand (2007). The table content showed that the population of India immigrants is ranked on the top 3 of total immigrants by nationality in New Zealand according to Statistics New Zealand networks. Retrieved 28 April 2009, from http://www.stats.govt.nz/datasets/population/Immigration.htm

Internet World Stats (2009). New Zealand has 3 million Internet users according to Internet World Stats networks. Retrieved 28 April 2009, from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats6.htm

Jackson, L., von Eye, A., Barbatsis, G., Biocca, F., Fitzgerald, H., & Yong, Z. (2004). The impact of internet use on the other side of the digital divide. Communications of the ACM, 47(7), 43–47. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Kraemer, K.L & J. Leslie King (2003). Information Technology and Administrative

Reform: will the time after e-government be different. CRITO, Center for research on information technology and organizations. From http://www.crito.uci.edu

Lemuria, C., & Vishanth, W. (2008). E-government adoption: A cultural comparison. Inf Syst Front, 10, 473-482. doi: 10.1007/s10796-008-9103-6

Mossenburg, K., Tolbert, C., & Stansbury, M. (2003). Virtual inequality: Beyond the digital divide. Washington, DC: George Washington University Press.

Nan, Z., Xunhua, G., Guoqing, C., & Patrick Y K, C. (2009). Impact of Perceived Fit on E-Government User Evaluation: A Study with a Chinese Cultural Context. Journal of Global Information Management, 17(1), 49-69. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Orange, G., Burke, A., Elliman, T., & Kor, A.L. (2007). CARE: An Integrated Framework to Support Continuous, Adaptable, Reflective Evaluation of E-Government Systems. International Journal of Cases on Electronic Commerce, 3(3), 18-32. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Phang, C. W., Li, Y., Sutanto, J., & Kankanhalli, A. (2005) Senior citizens adoption of e-government: in quest of the antecedents of perceived usefulness. 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Prabhudatt D., & Ganesh P. S. (2008). Challenges of E-government Implementation in India. Retrieved May 4 2009, from www.iceg.net/2008/books/2/23_210-215.pdf.

Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovation. New York: Free.

Rowena, C. (2006). E-government in New Zealand. In Peter, H., Rowena, C., & Harold C, R (Eds.), Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow (pp.102-127). The Scarecrow Press, Inc, UK.

STATE SERVICES COMMISSION. (2004). Achieving e-government 2004: A report on progress towards the New Zealand E-government Strategy. Wellington, New Zealand.

Thomas, J. C., & Streib, G. (2003). The new face of government: citizen-initiated contacts in the era of e-government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 13(1), 83–102. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.

Titah, R., & Barki, H. (2005). e-Government Adoption and Acceptance: A Literature Review. HEC Montréal. From ryad.titah@hec.ca

Annotated Bibliography

Impact of national culture on e-government adoption and use
- The impacts of new immigrant on New Zealand e-government adoption and use: A study with an India cultural context.

a) Books

Books – Useful – must refer to

Peter, H., Rowena, C., & Harold C, R. The first ‘must refer to’ book:

Peter, H., Rowena, C., & Harold C, R. (2006). Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow. The Scarecrow Press, Inc, UK.
Call number: JF1525.A8C62 2006 New Zealand Collection.

STATE SERVICES COMMISSION. The second ‘must refer to’ book:

STATE SERVICES COMMISSION. (2004). Achieving e-government 2004: A report on progress towards the New Zealand E-government Strategy. Wellington, New Zealand.
Call number: JQ5829.A8A26 2004 New Zealand Collection.

Books – Useful – worth considering

STATE SERVICES COMMISSION. The first ‘worth considering’ book:

STATE SERVICES COMMISSION. (2004). Authentication for e-government: Best Practice Framework for Authentication. Wellington, New Zealand.
Call number: JQ5829.A8A98 2004 New Zealand Collection.


Books – Low Value – can ignore – only need a couple of these

Ashok, K. The first ‘can ignore’ book:

Ashok, K. (2006). India-From Regional to World Power. Routledge, USA.
Call number: DS448.K16 2006.

b) Articles

Articles – Useful – must refer to

Rowena, C. The first ‘must refer to’ article:

Rowena, C. (2006). E-government in New Zealand. In Peter, H., Rowena, C., & Harold C, R (Eds.), Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow (pp.102-127). The Scarecrow Press, Inc, UK.
Publisher details: Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc.. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.. Web site address: www.scarecrowpress.com.
Call number: JF1525.A8C62 2006 New Zealand Collection.
Brief summary: It details about the development of New Zealand e-government, from the beginning of New Zealand e-government development, and the overall achievement to date of New Zealand e-government services.

Eric, D., Alison, C., & Stuart M, D. The second ‘must refer to’ article:

Eric, D., Alison, C., & Stuart M, D. (2001). E-Government Issues in New Zealand. Department of Management Systems, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.
Publisher details: Department of Management Systems, Waikato Management School, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Email: http://www.blogger.com/edeakins@waikato.ac.nz.
Brief summary: In order to help the development of e-government policies which suit the New Zealand environment, this study indicated sixteen key issues that various authors argue must be included in US e-government policy are defined and evaluated, together with several other issues that are specific to the NZ scene.
The direct link to this article: http://www.collecter.org/archives/2001_December/03.pdf

Lemuria, C., & Vishanth, W. The third ‘must refer to’ article:

Lemuria, C., & Vishanth, W. (2008). E-government adoption: A cultural comparison. Inf Syst Front, 10, 473-482. doi: 10.1007/s10796-008-9103-6
Publisher details: Published online: 30 May 2008. It is from the journal ‘Inf Sys Front’.
Brief summary: This study is an e-government adoption study, this study through used diffusion of innovation theory to compare U.K. and U.S., and find out the most salient factors in both countries.
This article can find on proquest 5000 database, and the link is http://www.springerlink.com/content/a14r6w4q6q700h1r/

Articles – Useful –worth considering

Prabhudatt D., & Ganesh P. S. The first ‘worth considering’ article:

Prabhudatt D., & Ganesh P. S. (2008). Challenges of E-government Implementation in India. Retrieved May 4 2009, from www.iceg.net/2008/books/2/23_210-215.pdf.
Publisher details: Corresponding author: E-mail: http://prabhudatt_d@yahoo.co.in/, and the telephone is +91 9999870380.
Brief summary: This study focuses on e-government development in developing countries, also, this study analyses the challenges of e-government implementation in India.
The direct link to this article: www.iceg.net/2008/books/2/23_210-215.pdf.

Articles – Low Value – can ignore

Nan, Z., Xunhua, G., Guoqing, C., & Patrick Y K, C. The first ‘can ignore’ article:
Nan, Z., Xunhua, G., Guoqing, C., & Patrick Y K, C. (2009). Impact of Perceived Fit on E-Government User Evaluation: A Study with a Chinese Cultural Context. Journal of Global Information Management, 17(1), 49-69. Retrieved from ProQuest 5000 database.
Publisher details: 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA. Tel: 717/533-845; Fax: 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.igi-global.com/
Call number: ITJ 4541
Brief summary: This article talk about based on information technology adoption theories and considering Chinese cultural characteristics, this article proposes a user centric IT/IS evaluation model composed of three determinant, for investigating the e-government systems application and management in China.
The direct link to this article: http://www.pacis-net.org/file/2007/1206.pdf

Discussion

Brief summary

After my proposed study, I find that relative advantage, lacks of compatibility and computer skill are significant factors which influence India immigrants on New Zealand e-government adoption and use. Meanwhile, New Zealand government should need to highlight the benefits of e-government services compared to the other options of previous government services. Also, New Zealand government need to introduce the basic information of new e-government services to India immigrants so that these immigrants would generally know about such new services and try to use these new services in the future. Furthermore, New Zealand government should increase the compatibility of e-government services so that new immigrants can use variety of New Zealand e-government services efficiently, and obtain more benefits form these e-government services. In addition, New Zealand government would provide computer training sections to the new immigrants who have lacks of basic computer skills and knowledge. Alternatively, it is appropriate that New Zealand e-government services should provide basic use manuals to the users.

On the other hand, Internet accessibility is not significant determinants of e-government adoption and use among India immigrants in Hamilton region. However, Future studies should consider types of Internet access when comparing adoption across different cultures.

Base on previous literatures, in 2008, Lemuria and Vishanth did a cultural comparison study base on e-government adoption in U.K. and U.S., they found out that relative advantage and trust are consistently identified as important adoption constructs in both countries. However, in this particular study, they also found that Internet accessibility and skill were not significant determinants of e-government adoption in these two countries. Thus, for my proposed study, my anticipated findings are resembled to the Lemuria and Vishanth’s results and the results from above literatures I indicated.

Limitations

For my limitations of my proposed study, firstly, the sample only focus on Hamilton region so that it can not stand for the whole population of India immigrants in New Zealand. Meanwhile, my proposed study only focuses on India immigrants which mainly focus on one cultural context. Therefore, Future research should attempt to obtain the sample from other areas in the country, and try to pay attentions on other cultures of new immigrants in New Zealand. In addition, the questionnaire survey is a very concise survey, so future studies should include additional constructs and items to present an even more comprehensive view of e-government adoption and use in the New Zealand.

Implication for research

This proposed study serves as an initial study which tries to find out the factors which influence India immigrants on New Zealand e-government adoption and use. Base on previous literatures, few studies have consider cultural context within e-government adoption and use in New Zealand, also, few studies focused on the factors which affect new immigrants on New Zealand e-government adoption and use. In my proposed study, I use four hypothesizes to constitute a parsimonious model. However, future study should present a more comprehensive model of New Zealand e-government adoption and use related to new immigrants and cultural contexts. Meanwhile, the research model I construct highlights four different hypothesizes which have a direct effect on New Zealand e-government adoption and use, and future studies should expand the model to include both indirect and direct effects. Furthermore, I indicate that relative advantage is one of key factors which influence India immigrants’ adoption and use of New Zealand e-government services, and Benbasat and Barki (2007) suggested that future adoption research should place more emphasis on the factors that impact relative advantage. Thus, future research should include antecedents of relative advantage present a more comprehensive model of e-government adoption.

Implication for practice

In my proposed study, relative advantage is one of implications of practice. Firstly, Lemuria and Vishanth (2008) stated that Citizens who perceive the relative advantages of e-government services are more likely to adopt this innovation. Thus, New Zealand need to increase the awareness of its e-government services so that more and more people would generally know and use these services in the future. Furthermore, New Zealand government should introduce the advantages of these e-government services to public so that it would increase the people’s intentions to use these services. Citizen knowledge of e-government services and their benefits is a vital part of e-government adoption (Lemuria et al. 2008). Therefore, New Zealand government should implement a national e-government awareness initiative that highlights the services which are available and beneficial to all people in New Zealand. In addition, I also think about the quality of New Zealand e-government services, such as the efficiency, effectiveness and convenience of New Zealand e-government services. Even New Zealand has made its greatest e-government gains in the area of public management, but the achievement to date of e-government in New Zealand would be seem to be mixed, the government is now seeking to take the people with it into its vision of the future of e-government and focus on some of its early goals and the real benefits to citizens that e-government can bring (Rowena, 2003). Thus, as New Zealand government provides efficient, convenience and high quality e-government services, people will gain more benefits form these services.

In addition to relative advantage, compatibility is another fruitful area, since it is quite related to cultural context, base on the definition of compatibility, which suggests that people will be more likely to adopt e-government services if these services are consistent with their values, views, beliefs, and customs (Rogers, 2003). Considering the significance of this concept, it is imperative that New Zealand government should increase the compatibility of its e-government services, through considering different cultures’ values, views, beliefs and customs, the services would maximally reach different peoples’ satisfactions. Eric, Alison and Caves Stuart M. (2001) stated that in order to ensure the sharing of common goals in regard to e-commerce and e-government, NZ government plans to consider the cultural and intellectual property rights of NZ Maori and those of other NZ-residing indigenous peoples, as well as the inclusion of Te Reo Maori (Maori language) on government websites. Therefore, New Zealand government should consider compatibility for its e-government services so that more and more people would obtain benefits from these services.

Results

Through analyzing and comparing two samples’ results, there are slightly differences between two samples’ results, and my anticipated results show that relative advantage, lacks of compatibility and computer skill are significant factors which have immense influences on India immigrants’ adoption and use of New Zealand e-government services. Those New Zealanders who recognize the overall benefits of New Zealand e-government services compared to India immigrants’ awareness of using New Zealand e-government services and traditional government options are more willing to use New Zealand e-government services. In addition, to most of India immigrants who think New Zealand e-government has lacks of compatibility, these India immigrants would be less likely to adopt and use New Zealand e-government services. Furthermore, computer skill is also an important factor which influences India immigrants’ intentions of adopting and using New Zealand e-government services.

Methodology

Sample

In this research, I decide to use two samples in my research, the first sample will contain all residents from diverse age, gender and professional backgrounds in New Zealand and the second sample will only include India immigrants from diverse age, gender and professional backgrounds in New Zealand, since this research focus on India cultural context. In addition, for geographical factors, these two samples in this research will be taken within Hamilton region so that the data would be easy to collect and analysis. Meanwhile, in order to link with the hypothesizes and research model I build, the second sample will be divided into two separate groups, one group of sample will be selected from the India students who are over 15 years’ old, since these students are amongst the adult population for whom the Internet has become part of their daily routine, and the other group of sample will be selected form other India immigrants, such as employees in private firms, local business owners, and householders so that the sample would be cover most of India immigrants. Therefore, the sample would help me to understand and analysis hypothesizes, research model and data in an efficient way.

Research design

In order to find out the factors which influence India immigrants on New Zealand e-government adoption and use, a questionnaire survey will be administered in Hamilton region, and both samples will use the same questionnaire survey with same questions. For the reasons that I use questionnaire survey, it is because a questionnaire survey is objective, and it would be easy to generate the questions which base on the research hypothesizes and model. Furthermore, questionnaire survey would make the results statistically significant even when analyzing multiple variables. In addition, standardized questions would make measurement more precise by enforcing uniform definitions upon the participants. Meanwhile, standardization of the questionnaire survey ensures that similar data can be collected from groups then interpreted comparatively. On the other hand, this questionnaire will be designed to be appropriate length, unambiguous and easy for respondents to complete.

Measurement of variables

Base on above the research model I build, this model contains four independent variables, relative advantage, lacks of compatibility, Internet accessibility, computer skill and one dependent variable, which is the adoptions and uses of New Zealand e-government services. Thus, the respondents’ provided their adoptions and uses of e-government services by responding to Yes/No questions or use a seven point Likert scale ranging from 1 “strongly disagree” through to 7 “strongly agree” that will ask if they would use an e-government service in the future. To test relative advantage, I will ask participants such questions as if e-government would increase their access to local council, if it would make it easier to access information from local government, the awareness of e-government services and if it would be beneficial helps and services from local government. To assess lacks of compatibility I will ask some particular questions base on their different values, views, beliefs and customs, which would impede their adoption and use of e-government services in New Zealand. Furthermore, participants will be asked to indicate if a lack of Internet access and basic computer skills have impacts on their adoption and use of e-government services. In addition, before data analysis, I will use reliability and validity tests to evaluate the data I collected so that these tests would increase the accuracy of my measurement, and confirm I am measuring the right things all the time.

Procedure

For the procedure of data collection, I will design a pre-test for the students in University of Waikato to evaluate the appropriateness of the survey questions. After making minor adjustments to question wording, the real questionnaire survey will be conducted. In addition, base on pervious literatures, Dwivedi et al. (2006) stated that people are less likely to respond to surveys when they are distributed; response rates are normally less than 50%, thus, in my research, I will use the researcher-complete survey method for my data collection, because this method allows the researcher to read questions to the participants and then record the participants’ responses, and this particular method is chosen over a self-administered survey to maximize the response rate (Lemuria et al. 2008). Therefore, through using the researcher-complete survey method in my research, my findings would be generalizable in an efficient way.

Data analysis

After data collection, I will need to examine each of my research hypothesizes through analyzing these collected data. Thus, for both samples, I will use stepwise binary logistic regression using SPSS 15.0, and the purpose of this particular method is to estimate the impact of independent variables on a dichotomous dependent variable (Lemuria et al. 2008). In addition, base on my research hypothesizes and model, there are four independent variables, which are relative advantage, lacks of compatibility, Internet accessibility and computer skill. Also, the dependent variable in my research is the adoption and use of New Zealand e-government services. Therefore, in order to find out the most determinative factors which influence India immigrants’ adoption and use of New Zealand e-government services, I will use forward stepwise regression for both samples in this research (Lemuria et al. 2008; Suha & Anne, 2008). Firstly, the first x variable, which is an independent variable, and I will define the first x variable to be relative advantage. Also, I will use this x variable to enter the equation is the one which will explain the largest amount of variance in y, which y is the dependent variable. Secondly, I will define lacks of compatibility as the second x variable which is the one that will explain the greatest amount of the remaining variance in y. Continuously, the process will be repeated until there are no more x variables left that will explain a significant percentage of the variance in y.

Furthermore, for my study, since the samples I define are in Hamilton region, and the sample procedure would be vast, moreover, I will use the researcher-complete survey method to collect my data. Therefore, it would be time consuming and costly, and this research will take certain time and funds to complete.

Research hypothesizes and model

Base on previous literatures, many prior studies were mainly based on technology acceptance theories and models such as the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behaviors (TPB), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and the Diffusion of Innovation theory (DOI), which refers specifically to technology adoption.

Despite the numerous articles, models and constructs used to describe technology adoption, in this particular research, the hypotheses I make will fundamentally base on the Diffusion of Innovation theory (DOI). For Diffusion of Innovation theory, the innovation refers to a new concept or technology. Diffusion refers to the dissemination of an innovation into society. Meanwhile, Diffusion of Innovation theory has five constructs that influence a potential adopter’s decision: relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, trialability and observability. Relative advantage refers to the belief that a new system has benefits above and beyond the current system. Complexity refers to perceptions of difficulty associated with adopting a system. Compatibility posits that one will be more likely to adopt an innovation if it is consistent with his values, views, beliefs, and customs. Trialability posits that one will be more likely to adopt an innovation if it can be tried out before actually committing to it. And observability suggests that one will be more likely to adopt an innovation if its benefits are visible and tangible (Rogers, 2003).

Therefore, firstly, I will use relative advantage as a hypothesis in my research model, because India immigrants are originally from India, India also has its own e-government services, as these immigrants come into New Zealand, they need to learn how to use New Zealand e-government services, which would be beneficial to them. Comparing with New Zealand traditional government and e-government services, I need to find out India immigrants’ use intentions to New Zealand e-government services. Furthermore, another supporting point is that Benbasat and Barki (2007) stated that relative advantage is the only one construct consistently explains a large percent of the variance in use intentions. Therefore, my first hypothesis is that there would be a significant positive relationship between relative advantage and the adoptions and uses of e-government services in New Zealand.

Secondly, in addition to relative advantage, I will include lacks of compatibility in my research model. Base on the definition of compatibility I indicated above, India immigrants have different values, views, beliefs and customs between New Zealand indigenous and Maori peoples. In addition, my research focuses on cultural aspects, if the lacks of compatibility increase in the development of New Zealand e-government services, India immigrants would be less to use these e-government services. Therefore, my second hypothesis is that there would be a significant negative relationship between lacks of compatibility and the adoptions and uses of e-government services in New Zealand.

Thirdly, as New Zealand government increasingly implements different types of e-government services, in this research, I need to consider New Zealanders who have Internet access and computer skills and those who do not, especially for India immigrants. For Internet accessibility, New Zealand has 3 million Internet users nowadays (Internet World Stats, 2009). Meanwhile, I need to consider as India immigrants come to New Zealand, they would use e-government services if they have Internet assess in their home. Therefore, I will include Internet accessibility in my research model, and my third hypothesis is that there would be a significant positive relationship between Internet accessibility and the adoptions and uses of e-government services in New Zealand.

Finally, regarding to computer skills, computer skills is an important factor which influence the adoptions and uses of e-government services. Thomas and Streib (2003) indicated that among Internet users, ethnicity and education are important predictors of which Internet users will also utilize government Web sites. Higher usage rates tend to exist among white citizens and individuals with high education levels. They surmise that government Web sites seem to draw an even more exclusive audience than the already somewhat elite audience for the Internet in general. Meanwhile, Mossenburg et al. (2003) suggested that many people lack the basic skills needed to interact with computer hardware and software. Afterward, another study found that the old, less educated, poor and minority individuals are more likely to need computer assistance, such as help using the keyboard or e-mail (Jackson et al. 2004). Furthermore, Prabhudatt & Ganesh (2008) indicated that low literacy was one of the difficulties in the smooth implementation of e- government in India. Thus, for my research, I also need to consider the computer skills of India immigrants. Also, I will use three potential causes in here to evaluate computer skills factor, and these three factors are gender, age and education level. Therefore, my fourth hypothesis is that there would be a significant positive relationship between computer skill and the adoptions and uses of e-government services in New Zealand.

For the potential future research directions, I think future research should focus on the whole population of new immigrants in New Zealand, through using a comprehensive model to evaluate the factors which influence their adoption and use of New Zealand e-government services. Meanwhile, future research also should need to find out the factors which influence all New Zealand residents’ adoption and use of New Zealand e-government services so that New Zealand e-government services would be beneficial to entire people, including new immigrants in New Zealand. Furthermore, future research should consider cultural and social aspects in e-government adoption research.

For the relevant conferences and journals, 2008 Hawaii international conferences on system sciences is a relevant conference, which implemented Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to an e-government adoption research in a developing country. On the other hand, Information System Front and Journal of Global Information Management are relevant journals, which are very helpful for my research area.